I-Plastic extrusion yinkqubo yokuvelisa umthamo ophezulu apho iplastiki eluhlaza inyibilika kwaye yenziwe ibe yiprofayili eqhubekayo. I-Extrusion ivelisa izinto ezinje ngombhobho/iityhubhu, ukubetha kwemozulu, ukubiyela, iintsimbi zomngangatho, iifreyimu zefestile, iifilim zeplastiki kunye ne-sheeting, i-thermoplastic coatings, kunye nokugquma ucingo.
Le nkqubo iqala ngokutyisa izinto zeplastiki (iipellets, iigranules, iiflakes okanye iipowders) ukusuka kwi-hopper ukuya kwi-barrel ye-extruder. Izinto eziphathekayo zincibilika ngokuthe ngcembe ngamandla omatshini avela ngokujika izikrufu kunye nezifudumezi ezilungiselelwe ecaleni kombhobho. I-polymer etyhidiweyo iye yanyanzeliswa kwi-die, eyenza i-polymer ibe yimo eqina ngexesha lokupholisa.
IMBALI
Umbhobho extrusion
Izandulela zokuqala kwi-extruder yangoku zaphuhliswa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Ngomnyaka we-1820, uThomas Hancock wenza irabha "i-masticator" eyenzelwe ukubuyisela inkunkuma yerabha esetyenzisiweyo, kwaye ngo-1836 u-Edwin Chaffee wenza umatshini we-roller ezimbini ukuxuba izongezo kwirabha. I-extrusion yokuqala ye-thermoplastic yayingo-1935 nguPaul Troester kunye nomfazi wakhe u-Ashley Gershoff eHamburg, eJamani. Kungekudala emva koko, uRoberto Colombo we-LMP waphuhlisa amawele okuqala e-screw extruders e-Itali.
INKQUBO
Kwi-extrusion yeeplastiki, i-compound material ekrwada ixhaphake ngendlela yee-nurdles (amaso amancinane, adla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-resin) atyholwa ngokuba ngumxhuzulane otyiswa ukusuka kwi-hopper exhonywe phezulu ukuya kumbhobho we-extruder. Izongezo ezifana ne-colorants kunye ne-UV inhibitors (kwi-liquid okanye i-pellet form) zihlala zisetyenziswa kwaye zinokuxutywa kwi-resin ngaphambi kokufika kwi-hopper. Inkqubo inokufana kakhulu kunye nokubunjwa kwesitofu seplastiki ukusuka kwindawo yeteknoloji ye-extruder, nangona iyahluka ngokuba ngokuqhelekileyo yinkqubo eqhubekayo. Ngelixa i-pultrusion inokubonelela ngeeprofayili ezininzi ezifanayo ngobude obuqhubekayo, ngokuqhelekileyo kunye nokuqiniswa okongeziweyo, oku kufezekiswa ngokutsalwa kwemveliso egqityiweyo ngaphandle kwefa endaweni yokukhupha i-polymer enyibilikayo ngokufa.
Isixhobo singena ngomqala wombhobho (isithuba esikufutshane nomva wombhobho) size sidibane nesikrufu. Isikrufu esijikelezayo (esiqhele ukujika umz. 120 rpm) sinyanzela amaso eplastiki ukuba aye phambili kumbhobho oshushu. Iqondo lokushisa elifunwayo le-extrusion alifane lilingane nobushushu obumiselweyo bombhobho ngenxa yokufudumala kwe-viscous kunye nezinye iziphumo. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, iprofayili yokufudumeza imiselwe umgqomo apho iindawo ezintathu okanye ngaphezulu ezizimeleyo ezilawulwa yi-PID ezilawulwa yi-heater ngokuthe ngcembe zandisa ubushushu bombhobho ukusuka ngasemva (apho iplastiki ingena khona) ukuya ngaphambili. Oku kuvumela amaso eplastiki ukuba anyibilike ngokuthe ngcembe njengoko etyhalwa emgqomeni kwaye yehlisa umngcipheko wobushushu obugqithisileyo obunokubangela ukuthotywa kwepolymer.
Ubushushu obongezelelweyo buba negalelo kuxinzelelo olukhulu kunye nokukhuhlana okwenzeka ngaphakathi kombhobho. Ngapha koko, ukuba umgca we-extrusion uqhuba izinto ezithile ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo, izifudumezi zinokuvalwa kwaye ubushushu obunyibilikayo bugcinwe luxinzelelo kunye nokukhuhlana yedwa ngaphakathi komphanda. Kwii-extruders ezininzi, abalandeli bokupholisa bakhona ukugcina ubushushu bungaphantsi kwexabiso elimiselweyo ukuba ubushushu obuninzi buyenziwa. Ukuba ukupholisa umoya ngenkani kungqineka kunganelanga kuya kusetyenziswa iibhatyi zokupholisa ezifakwe ngaphakathi.
I-extruder yeplastiki inqunyulwe kwisiqingatha ukubonisa amacandelo
Ngaphambili komgqomo, iplastiki enyibilikisiweyo ishiya isikrufu kwaye ihamba ngepakethe yesikrini ukususa nakuphi na ungcoliseko ekunyibilikeni. Izikrini ziqiniswa ngepleyiti ye-breaker (i-puck yentsimbi eshinyeneyo enemingxuma emininzi ebhobhozayo kuyo) ekubeni uxinzelelo kweli nqanaba lunokugqithisa i-5,000 psi (34 MPa). Ipakethe yesikrini / indibano yepleyiti yebreaker ikwasebenza ekudaleni uxinzelelo lwangasemva kumbhobho. Uxinzelelo lwangasemva luyafuneka ukunyibilika okufanayo kunye nokuxutywa ngokufanelekileyo kwepolymer, kwaye ubungakanani boxinzelelo oluveliswayo lunokuthi "lwenziwe" ngokuhlukahluka kokwakheka kwepakethe yesikrini (inani lezikrini, ubungakanani bazo be-wire weave, kunye nezinye iiparamitha). Le pleyiti ye-breaker kunye ne-screen pack indibaniselwano iphinda isuse "imemori ejikelezayo" yeplastiki etyhidiweyo kwaye idale endaweni yoko, "inkumbulo yobude".
Emva kokudlula kwipleyiti yokuqhekeza iplastiki etyhidiweyo ingena kwidiyizi. Idayisi yiyo enika imveliso yokugqibela iprofayile yayo kwaye kufuneka iyilwe ukuze iplastiki enyibilikisiweyo iqukuqele ngokulinganayo ukusuka kwiprofayili yesilinda ukuya kwimilo yeprofayile yemveliso. Ukuhamba okungalinganiyo kweli nqanaba kunokuvelisa imveliso enoxinzelelo olungafunekiyo olushiyekileyo kwiindawo ezithile kwiprofayile enokubangela ukungqubana kokupholisa. Iintlobo ezininzi zeemilo zinokudalwa, zithintelwe kwiiprofayili eziqhubekayo.
Imveliso ngoku kufuneka ipholiswe kwaye oku kudla ngokufezekiswa ngokutsala i-extrudate ngokuhlamba kwamanzi. Iiplastiki ziyi-insulators ze-thermal ezintle kakhulu kwaye ngoko ke kunzima ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza. Xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi, iplastiki ihambisa ubushushu bayo buhambe ngokucotha izihlandlo ezingama-2,000. Kwityhubhu okanye umbhobho wokukhupha umbhobho, ibhafu yamanzi evaliweyo yenziwa ngesifunxa esilawulwa ngononophelo ukugcina umbhobho osandula ukubunjwa kwaye usanyibilika okanye umbhobho ungadiliki. Kwiimveliso ezifana ne-plastiki sheeting, ukupholisa kufezekiswa ngokutsala ngesethi yee-cool rolls. Kwiifilimu kunye neshiti elincinci kakhulu, ukupholisa umoya kunokusebenza njengenqanaba lokuqala lokupholisa, njengakwi-extrusion yefilimu evuthelweyo.
Iiplasitiki ezikhuphayo zikwasetyenziselwa kakhulu ukusetyenzwa kwakhona kwenkunkuma yeplastiki esetyenzisiweyo okanye ezinye izinto eziluhlaza emva kokucoca, ukuhlela kunye / okanye ukudibanisa. Esi sixhobo siqhele ukukhutshelwa kwimicu elungele ukunqunyulwa kwintsimbi okanye isitokhwe sepellet ukuze sisetyenziswe njengesandulela sokuqhubekeka phambili.
UYILO NGESIKHULU
Kukho imimandla emihlanu enokwenzeka kwisikrufu se-thermoplastic. Njengoko isigama singekho emgangathweni kushishino, amagama ahlukeneyo anokubhekisa kule mimandla. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zepolymer ziya kuba noyilo olwahlukileyo lwezikrufu, ezinye zingabandakanyi yonke imimandla enokwenzeka.
Isikrufu esilula seplastiki sokukhupha
Izikrufu ze-Extruder ezivela eBoston Matthews
Uninzi lwezikrufu lunezowuni zintathu:
● Indawo yokutya (ekwabizwa ngokuba yindawo ehambisa izinto eziqinileyo): lo mmandla wondla i-resin kwi-extruder, kwaye ubunzulu betshaneli buhlala bufana kwindawo yonke.
● Indawo yokunyibilikisa (ekwabizwa ngokuba yindawo yotshintsho okanye yocinezelo): uninzi lwepolima lunyibilika kweli candelo, kwaye ubunzulu bejelo buye bube buncinci ngokuqhubekayo.
● Indawo yokulinganisa (ekwabizwa ngokuba yindawo yokuhambisa i-melt): lo mmandla unyibilikisa amasuntswana okugqibela kwaye uxutywe kubushushu obufanayo kunye nokwakheka. Njengommandla wesondlo, ubunzulu betshaneli buhlala buhleli kulo mmandla wonke.
Ukongeza, isikrufu esiphumayo (izigaba ezibini) sine:
● Indawo yoxinzelelo. Kulo mmandla, malunga nesibini kwisithathu ukuhla kwi-screw, itshaneli ngokukhawuleza ingena nzulu, ekhulula uxinzelelo kwaye ivumele naziphi na iigesi ezibanjiweyo (ukufuma, umoya, izinyibilikisi, okanye i-reactants) ukuba zitsalwe nge-vacuum.
● Indawo yesibini yokulinganisa iimitha. Lo mmandla uyafana nowokuqala wemitha yokulinganisa, kodwa ngobunzulu betshaneli. Isebenza ukucinezela i-melt ukuze ifumane ukuchasana kwezikrini kunye nokufa.
Amaxesha amaninzi ubude bezijija bubhekiswa kububanzi baso njengomlinganiselo we L:D. Umzekelo, isikrufu se-6-intshi (150 mm) ubukhulu ku-24:1 siya kuba yi-intshizi eziyi-144 (12 ft) ubude, kwaye ku-32:1 yi-192 intshizi (16 ft) ubude. Umlinganiselo we-L:D we-25:1 uxhaphakile, kodwa abanye oomatshini banyuka baye ku-40:1 ngokuxutywa okungaphezulu kunye nemveliso engaphezulu kwidayamitha yesikrufu esifanayo. Izikrufu ezinenqanaba ezibini (ezivulwayo) ziqhelekile ukuba yi-36:1 ukubala iizowuni ezimbini ezongezelelweyo.
Indawo nganye ixhotyiswe nge-thermocouples enye okanye ngaphezulu okanye ii-RTDs kudonga lomgqomo wokulawula ubushushu. "Iprofayili yobushushu" okt, ubushushu bommandla ngamnye bubaluleke kakhulu kumgangatho kunye neempawu ze-extrudate yokugqibela.
IZINTO EZIQHELEKILEYO ZOKUKHULISA
Umbhobho we-HDPE ngexesha lokukhupha. Izinto ze-HDPE ziphuma kwisifudumezi, kwidiyiti, emva koko kwitanki yokupholisa. Lo mbhobho we-Acu-Power conduit udityanisiwe - umnyama ngaphakathi kunye nejacket e-orenji encinci, ukutyumba iintambo zombane.
Izinto zeplastiki eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kwi-extrusion ziquka kodwa azikhawulelwanga: i-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene, i-acetal, i-acrylic, i-nylon (i-polyamide), i-polystyrene, i-polyvinyl chloride (i-PVC), i-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) kunye ne-polycarbonate.[4] ]
UKUFA IINTLOBO
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokufa ezisetyenziswa kwiiplastiki ze-extrusion. Ngelixa kunokubakho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweentlobo zokufa kunye nobunzima, zonke ziyafa zivumela ukukhutshwa okuqhubekayo kwe-polymer enyibilikayo, ngokuchaseneyo nokulungiswa okungaqhubekiyo okufana nokubumba inaliti.
Ifilimu evuthelweyo extrusion
Vuthela i-extrusion yefilimu yeplastiki
Ukwenziwa kwefilimu yeplastiki yeemveliso ezifana neengxowa zokuthenga kunye ne-sheeting eqhubekayo iphunyezwa ngokusebenzisa umgca wefilimu ovuthelweyo.
Le nkqubo iyafana nenkqubo ye-extrusion eqhelekileyo kude kube sekufeni. Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zokufa ezisetyenziswayo kule nkqubo: i-annular (okanye i-crosshead), isigcawu, kunye ne-spiral. I-Annular dies zezona zilula, kwaye zixhomekeke kwi-polymer melt channeling ejikeleze lonke icandelo lomnqamlezo we-die ngaphambi kokuba uphume kwi-die; oku kunokubangela ukuhamba okungalinganiyo. Spider dies iqulathe mandrel central encanyatheliswe kwi ring yangaphandle die via inani "imilenze"; ngelixa ukuhamba ku-symmetrical ngakumbi kune-annular dies, inani lemigca ye-weld iveliswa eyenza buthathaka ifilimu. I-Spiral dies isusa umba we-weld lines kunye ne-asymmetrical flow, kodwa zezona zinzima kakhulu.
Inyibilika ipholiswa kancinci phambi kokushiya idayizi ukuze ivelise ityhubhu ebuthathaka semi-solid. Le tyhubhu ye-diameter yandiswa ngokukhawuleza ngoxinzelelo lomoya, kwaye ityhubhu izobelwa phezulu ngeerola, yolula iplastiki kuzo zombini iindlela ezinqamlezayo kunye nezalathiso zokuzoba. Umzobo kunye nokuvuthela kubangela ukuba ifilimu ibe ncinane kunetyhubhu ekhutshiweyo, kwaye iphinde ilungelelanise ngokukhethekileyo amakhonkco e-polymer molecular kwicala elibona ubunzima beplastiki. Ukuba ifilimu izotywe ngaphezu kokuba ivuthelwe (i-tube diameter yokugqibela isondele kwi-diameter extruded) iimolekyuli ze-polymer ziya kulungelelaniswa kakhulu kunye nolwalathiso lokudweba, ukwenza ifilimu eyomeleleyo kwelo cala, kodwa ibuthathaka kwicala elinqamlezayo. . Ifilimu enedayamitha enkulu kakhulu kunobubanzi obukhutshiweyo iya kuba namandla amaninzi kwicala elinqamlezayo, kodwa ngaphantsi kwendlela yokutsalwa.
Kwimeko ye-polyethylene kunye nezinye iipolymers ze-semi-crystalline, njengoko ifilimu ipholisa i-crystallizes kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba ngumgca weqabaka. Njengoko ifilim iqhubeka nokuphola, izotywa ngeeseti ezininzi ze-nip rollers ukuyicanda ibe yi-lay-flat tubing, enokuthi emva koko ihlatywe okanye inqunyulwe ibe yimiqulu emibini okanye ngaphezulu ye sheeting.
Ishiti/ifilimu extrusion
I-Sheet/film extrusion isetyenziselwa ukukhupha amaphepha eplastiki okanye iifilim ezishinyene kakhulu ukuba zingavuthelwa. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zokufa ezisetyenzisiweyo: i-T-shaped kunye ne-hanger yengubo. Injongo yoku kufa kukuhlengahlengisa kunye nokukhokela ukuhamba kwepolymer enyibilikayo ukusuka kwimveliso enye engqukuva ukusuka kwi-extruder ukuya kwiplani ecekethekileyo, ecaba. Kuzo zombini iindidi zeefa ziqinisekisa rhoqo, ukuhamba okufanayo kuwo wonke ummandla wecandelo lomnqamlezo wedayiti. Ukupholisa ngokuqhelekileyo ngokutsalwa kwiseti yeeroli zokupholisa (ikhalenda okanye “ukupholisa” imiqulu). Kwi-extrusion yamaphepha, ezi ziqengqelezi azinikezi kuphela ukupholisa okuyimfuneko kodwa zikwamisela ukutyeba kweshiti kunye nobume bomphezulu.[7] Ngokuqhelekileyo i-co-extrusion isetyenziselwa ukusebenzisa umaleko omnye okanye ngaphezulu phezu kwezinto ezisisiseko ukufumana iipropati ezithile ezifana nokufunxa kwe-UV, ukuthungwa, ukumelana ne-oxygen permeation, okanye ukubonakaliswa kwamandla.
Inkqubo eqhelekileyo ye-post-extrusion ye-stock sheet yeplastiki yi-thermoforming, apho ishidi lifudunyezwa lide libe lithambile (iplastiki), kwaye lenziwe nge-mold ibe yimo entsha. Xa kusetyenziswa ivacuum, oku kudla ngokuchazwa njengokwenziwa kwevacuum. Ukuziqhelanisa (oko kukuthi amandla/ubuninzi obukhoyo bephepha elizakutsalwa kumngundo obunokwahluka kubunzulu ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-intshi ezingama-36 ngokwesiqhelo) kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye kuchaphazela kakhulu amaxesha omjikelo wokwenza iiplastiki ezininzi.
I-tubing extrusion
Iityhubhu ezongeziweyo, njengemibhobho yePVC, yenziwa kusetyenziswa ukufa okufanayo njengoko kusetyenziswe kwifilimu evuthelweyo. Uxinzelelo oluhle lunokusetyenziswa kwimingxuma yangaphakathi ngepini, okanye uxinzelelo olubi lunokusetyenziswa kwi-diameter yangaphandle usebenzisa i-vacuum sizer ukuqinisekisa imilinganiselo yokugqibela echanekileyo. lumens ezongezelelweyo okanye imingxunya zingangeniswa ngokongeza mandrels efanelekileyo yangaphakathi ukuba die.
A Boston Matthews Medical Extrusion Line
Usetyenziso lwetyhubhu olunemigangatho emininzi luhlala lukhona kwishishini leemoto, imibhobho yamanzi kunye neshishini lokufudumeza kunye neshishini lokupakisha.
Ngaphezulu kwejacket extrusion
I-overjacket extrusion ivumela ukusetyenziswa komgangatho wangaphandle weplastiki kwintambo ekhoyo okanye intambo. Le yinkqubo eqhelekileyo yokugquma iingcingo.
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo zokufa ezisetyenziselwa ukugquma phezu kocingo, iityhubhu (okanye ijacket) kunye noxinzelelo. Kwi-jacketing tooling, i-polymer melt ayichukumisi ucingo lwangaphakathi kude kube ngokukhawuleza phambi komlomo wokufa. Kwisixhobo soxinzelelo, i-melt idibanisa ucingo lwangaphakathi ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba lufike kwimilebe yokufa; oku kwenziwa kuxinzelelo oluphezulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubambelela kakuhle kokunyibilika. Ukuba uqhagamshelwano olusondeleyo okanye ukunamathela kuyafuneka phakathi koluhlu olutsha kunye nocingo olukhoyo, isixhobo soxinzelelo siyasetyenziswa. Ukuba ukuncamathela akufunwa/kuyimfuneko, kusetyenziswa isixhobo sejacketing endaweni yoko.
I-Coextrusion
I-Coextrusion yi-extrusion ye-multiple layers yezinto eziphathekayo ngaxeshanye. Olu hlobo lwe-extrusion lusebenzisa ii-extruders ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ukunyibilika kunye nokuhambisa umthamo ozinzileyo we-volumetric yeeplastiki ze-viscous ezahlukeneyo kwintloko enye ye-extrusion (ifa) eya kukhupha izinto kwifom efunwayo. Le teknoloji isetyenziswe kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo echazwe ngasentla (ifilimu evuthelweyo, i-overjacketing, i-tubing, sheet). Ubungqingqwa bomaleko bulawulwa ngezantya ezihambelanayo kunye nobukhulu be-extruders nganye ehambisa izinto.
5 : 5 I-Layer co-extrusion ye-cosmetic "squeeze" ityhubhu
Kwiimeko ezininzi zehlabathi lokwenyani, ipholima enye ayinakuhlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zesicelo. I-compound extrusion ivumela into edibeneyo ukuba ikhutshwe, kodwa i-coextrusion igcina izinto ezihlukeneyo njengemigangatho eyahlukeneyo kwimveliso ekhutshiweyo, evumela ukubekwa ngokufanelekileyo kwezinto ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokungena kwe-oksijini, amandla, ukuqina, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kokugqoka.
Extrusion ukutyabeka
I-extrusion coating isebenzisa inkqubo yefilimu evuthelweyo okanye ephosiweyo ukugquma umaleko owongezelelweyo kwi-rollstock ekhoyo yephepha, i-foil okanye ifilimu. Ngokomzekelo, le nkqubo ingasetyenziselwa ukuphucula iimpawu zephepha ngokuyigubungela nge-polyethylene ukuze ikwazi ukumelana namanzi. Umaleko okhutshiweyo nawo ungasetyenziswa njengento yokuncamathelisa ukuzisa ezinye izinto ezimbini kunye. I-Tetrapak ngumzekelo wezorhwebo wale nkqubo.
I-COMPOUND EXTRUSIONS
Ukudibanisa i-extrusion yinkqubo edibanisa i-polymer enye okanye ngaphezulu kunye nezongezo ukunika iikhompawundi zeplastiki. Ukutya kusenokuba ziipellets, umgubo kunye/okanye ulwelo, kodwa imveliso idla ngokuba yipellet, eza kusetyenziswa kwezinye iinkqubo zokwenza iplastiki ezifana ne-extrusion kunye nenaliti yokubumba. Njengakwi-extrusion yemveli, kukho uluhlu olubanzi kumatshini wobungakanani ngokuxhomekeke kwisicelo kunye nokuphuma okufunwayo. Ngelixa i-extruders enye-okanye i-double-screw extruder ingasetyenziswa kwi-extrusion yendabuko, imfuneko yokuxuba okwaneleyo kwi-extrusion edibeneyo yenza i-twin-screw extruders yonke kodwa inyanzelekile.
IINTLOBO ZE-EXTRUDER
Kukho iindidi ezimbini ze-twin screw extruders: ukujikeleza ngokubambisana kunye nokujikeleza. Le nomenclature ibhekisa kwisalathiso esinxulumene nesikrufu ngasinye xa sithelekiswa nesinye. Kwimowudi yokujikelezisa, zombini izikrufu zijikelezisa nokuba ngasekunene okanye ngasekunene; kwi-counter-rotation, esinye isikrufu sijikeleza ngasekunene ngelixa esinye sisonta ngasekunene. Kubonisiwe ukuba, kwindawo enikiweyo yecandelo elinqamlezileyo kunye neqondo lokudityaniswa (i-intermeshing), i-axial velocity kunye neqondo lokuxuba liphezulu kwi-co-rotting twin extruders. Nangona kunjalo, ukwakhiwa koxinzelelo kuphezulu kwi-counter-rotating extruders. Uyilo lwe-screw luqhelekile kwimodyuli yokuba izinto ezahlukeneyo zokuhambisa kunye nokuxuba zicwangciswe kwi-shafts ukuvumela uhlengahlengiso olukhawulezileyo lwenkqubo yokutshintsha okanye ukutshintshwa kwamacandelo ngamanye ngenxa yokuguga okanye ukonakala. Ubungakanani bomatshini bususela kuncinci njenge-12 mm ukuya kubukhulu obungama-380mm
AMALUNGELO
Inzuzo enkulu ye-extrusion kukuba iiprofayili ezinjengemibhobho zingenziwa kuyo nayiphi na ubude. Ukuba izinto eziphathekayo zibhetyebhetye ngokwaneleyo, imibhobho inokwenziwa ngobude obude nokuba ijiyile kwi-reel. Enye inzuzo yi-extrusion yemibhobho ene-coupler edibeneyo kuquka i-rubber seal.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-25-2022
